# OpenWrt Buildroot

Usage and documentation by Felix Fietkau and Waldemar Brodkorb, based on uClibc Buildroot documentation by Thomas Petazzoni. Contributions from Karsten Kruse, Ned Ludd, Martin Herren. OpenWrt Kernel Module Creation Howto by Markus Becker.

Last modification : $Id$

- About OpenWrt Buildroot
- Obtaining OpenWrt Buildroot
- Using OpenWrt Buildroot
- Customizing the target filesystem
- Customizing the Busybox configuration
- Customizing the uClibc configuration
- How OpenWrt Buildroot works
- Using the uClibc toolchain
- Using the uClibc toolchain outside of Buildroot
- Location of downloaded packages
- Extending OpenWrt with more Software
- Ressources
- About OpenWrt Kernel Module Compilation
- Enable the kernel options
- Create a buildroot option
- Define the binary files for the kernel module
- Specify the ipkg control file
- Compile the kernel module

## About OpenWrt Buildroot

OpenWrt Buildroot is a set of Makefiles and patches that allows to easily generate both a cross-compilation toolchain and a root filesystem for your Wireless Router. The cross-compilation toolchain uses uClibc (http://www.uclibc.org/), a tiny C standard library.

A compilation toolchain is the set of tools that allows to compile code for your system. It consists of a compiler (in our case, `gcc`), binary utils like assembler and linker (in our case, `binutils`) and a C standard library (for example GNU Libc, uClibc or dietlibc). The system installed on your development station certainly already has a compilation toolchain that you can use to compile application that runs on your system. If you're using a PC, your compilation toolchain runs on an x86 processor and generates code for a x86 processor. Under most Linux systems, the compilation toolchain uses the GNU libc as C standard library. This compilation toolchain is called the "host compilation toolchain", and more generally, the machine on which it is running, and on which you're working is called the "host system". The compilation toolchain is provided by your distribution, and OpenWrt Buildroot has nothing to do with it.

As said above, the compilation toolchain that comes with your system runs and generates code for the processor of your host system. As your embedded system has a different processor, you need a cross-compilation toolchain: it's a compilation toolchain that runs on your host system but that generates code for your target system (and target processor). For example, if your host system uses x86 and your target system uses MIPS, the regular compilation toolchain of your host runs on x86 and generates code for x86, while the cross-compilation toolchain runs on x86 and generates code for MIPS.

You might wonder why such a tool is needed when you can compile `gcc`, `binutils`, uClibc and all the tools by hand. Of course, doing so is possible. But dealing with all configure options, with all problems of every `gcc` or `binutils` version is very time-consuming and uninteresting. OpenWrt Buildroot automates this process through the use of Makefiles, and has a collection of patches for each `gcc` and `binutils` version to make them work on the MIPS architecture of most Wireless Routers.

## Obtaining OpenWrt Buildroot

OpenWrt Buildroot is available via CVS - Concurrent Version System. For any kind of OpenWrt development you should get the latest version from cvs via:

     $ cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@openwrt.org:/openwrt co openwrt

If you only like to create your own custom firmware images and pakages we strongely suggest to use the CVS branch of the stable version (whiterussian):

     $ cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@openwrt.org:/openwrt co -rwhiterussian openwrt

## Using OpenWrt Buildroot

OpenWrt Buildroot has a nice configuration tool similar to the one you can find in the Linux Kernel (http://www.kernel.org/) or in Busybox (http://www.busybox.org/). Note that you can run everything as a normal user. There is no need to be root to configure and use the Buildroot. The first step is to run the configuration assistant:

     $ make menuconfig

For each entry of the configuration tool, you can find associated help that describes the purpose of the entry.

Once everything is configured, the configuration tool has generated a `.config` file that contains the description of your configuration. It will be used by the Makefiles to do what's needed.

Let's go:

     $ make

This command will download, configure and compile all the selected tools, and finally generate target firmware images and additional packages (depending on your selections in `make menuconfig`. All the target files can be found in the `bin/` subdirectory. You can compile firmware images containing two different filesystem types:

- jffs2
- squashfs

`jffs2` contains a writable root filesystem, which will expand to the size of your flash image. Note: if you use the generic firmware image, you need to pick the right image for your flash size, because of different eraseblock sizes.

`squashfs` contains a read-only root filesystem using a modified `squashfs` filesystem with LZMA compression. When booting it, you can create a writable second filesystem, which will contain your modifications to the root filesystem, including the packages you install.

## Customizing the target filesystem

- You can customize the target filesystem skeleton, available under `package/base-files/default/`. You can change configuration files or other stuff here. However, the full file hierarchy is not yet present, because it's created during the compilation process. So you can't do everything on this target filesystem skeleton, but changes to it remains even when you completely rebuild the cross-compilation toolchain and the tools.

  ## Customizing the Busybox configuration

  Busybox is very configurable, and you may want to customize it. Its configuration is completely integrated into the main menuconfig system. You can find it under "OpenWrt Package Selection" => "Busybox Configuration"

  ## Customizing the uClibc configuration

  Just like BusyBox, uClibc offers a lot of configuration options. They allow to select various functionalities, depending on your needs and limitations.

  The easiest way to modify the configuration of uClibc is to follow these steps :

  1. Make a first compilation of buildroot without trying to customize uClibc.
  2. Go into the directory `toolchain_build_ARCH/uClibc/` and run `make menuconfig`. The nice configuration assistant, similar to the one used in the Linux Kernel appears. Make your configuration as appropriate.
  3. Copy the `.config` file to `toolchain/uClibc/uClibc.config` or `toolchain/uClibc/uClibc.config-locale`. The former is used if you haven't selected locale support in the Buildroot configuration, and the latter is used if you have selected locale support.
  4. Run the compilation again.

  Otherwise, you can simply change `toolchain/uClibc/uClibc.config` or `toolchain/uClibc/uClibc.config-locale` without running the configuration assistant.

  ## How OpenWrt Buildroot works

  As said above, OpenWrt is basically a set of Makefiles that download, configure and compiles software with the correct options. It also includes some patches for various software, mainly the ones involved in the cross-compilation tool chain (`gcc`, `binutils` and uClibc).

  There is basically one Makefile per software, and they are named `Makefile`. Makefiles are split into three sections:

  - package (in the `package/` directory) contains the Makefiles and associated files for all user-space tools that Buildroot can compile and add to the target root filesystem. There is one sub-directory per tool.
  - toolchain (in the `toolchain/` directory) contains the Makefiles and associated files for all software related to the cross-compilation toolchain : `binutils`, `ccache`, `gcc`, `gdb`, `kernel-headers` and `uClibc`.
  - target (in the `target` directory) contains the Makefiles and associated files for software related to the generation of the target root filesystem image and the linux kernel for the different system on a chip boards, used in the Wireless Routers. Two types of filesystems are supported : jffs2 and squashfs.

  Each directory contains at least 2 files :

  - `Makefile` is the Makefile that downloads, configures, compiles and installs the software `something`.
  - `Config.in` is a part of the configuration tool description file. It describes the option related to the current software.

  The main Makefile do the job through the following steps (once the configuration is done):

  1. Create the download directory (`dl/` by default). This is where the tarballs will be downloaded. It is interesting to know that the tarballs are in this directory because it may be useful to save them somewhere to avoid further downloads.
  2. Create the build directory (`build_ARCH/` by default, where `ARCH` is your architecture). This is where all user-space tools while be compiled.
  3. Create the toolchain build directory (`toolchain_build_ARCH/` by default, where `ARCH` is your architecture). This is where the cross compilation toolchain will be compiled.
  4. Setup the staging directory (`staging_dir_ARCH/` by default). This is where the cross-compilation toolchain will be installed. If you want to use the same cross-compilation toolchain for other purposes, such as compiling third-party applications, you can add `staging_dir_ARCH/bin` to your PATH, and then use `arch-linux-gcc` to compile your application. In order to setup this staging directory, it first removes it, and then it creates various subdirectories and symlinks inside it.
  5. Create the target directory (`build_ARCH/root/` by default) and the target filesystem skeleton. This directory will contain the final root filesystem. To set it up, it first deletes it, then it copies the skeleton available in `target/default/target_skeleton` and then removes useless `CVS/` directories.
  6. Call the `prepare`, `compile` and `install` targets for the subdirectories `toolchain`, `package` and `target`

  ## Using the uClibc toolchain

  You may want to compile your own programs or other software that are not packaged in OpenWrt. In order to do this, you can use the toolchain that was generated by the Buildroot.

  The toolchain generated by the Buildroot by default is located in `staging_dir_ARCH`. The simplest way to use it is to add `staging_dir_ARCH/bin/` to your PATH environment variable, and then to use `arch-linux-gcc`, `arch-linux-objdump`, `arch-linux-ld`, etc.

  For example, you may add the following to your `.bashrc` (considering you're building for the MIPS architecture and that Buildroot is located in `~/openwrt/`) :

      export PATH=$PATH:~/openwrt/staging_dir_mipsel/bin/

  Then you can simply do :

      mipsel-linux-uclibc-gcc -o foo foo.c

  Important : do not try to move the toolchain to an other directory, it won't work. There are some hard-coded paths in the gcc configuration. If the default toolchain directory doesn't suit your needs, please refer to the Using the uClibc toolchain outside of buildroot section.

  ## Using the uClibc toolchain outside of buildroot

  By default, the cross-compilation toolchain is generated inside `staging_dir_ARCH/`. But sometimes, it may be useful to install it somewhere else, so that it can be used to compile other programs or by other users. Moving the `staging_dir_ARCH/` directory elsewhere is not possible, because they are some hardcoded paths in the toolchain configuration.

  If you want to use the generated toolchain for other purposes, you can configure Buildroot to generate it elsewhere using the option of the configuration tool : `Build options -> Toolchain and header file location`, which defaults to `staging_dir_ARCH/`.

  ## Location of downloaded packages

  It might be useful to know that the various tarballs that are downloaded by the Makefiles are all stored in the `DL_DIR` which by default is the `dl` directory. It's useful for example if you want to keep a complete version of Buildroot which is known to be working with the associated tarballs. This will allow you to regenerate the toolchain and the target filesystem with exactly the same versions.

  ## Extending OpenWrt with more software

  This section will only consider the case in which you want to add user-space software.

  ### Package directory

  First of all, create a directory under the `package` directory for your software, for example `foo`.

  ### `Config.in` file

  Then, create a file named `Config.in`. This file will contain the portion of options description related to our `foo` software that will be used and displayed in the configuration tool. It should basically contain :

      config BR2_PACKAGE_FOO
              tristate "foo - some nice tool"
              default m if CONFIG_DEVEL
              help
      	     This is a comment that explains what foo is.

  If you depend on other software or library inside the Buildroot, it is important that you automatically select these packages in your `Config.in`. Example if foo depends on bar library:

      config BR2_PACKAGE_FOO
              tristate "foo - some nice tool"
              default m if CONFIG_DEVEL
      	select BR2_PACKAGE_LIBBAR
              help
              This is a comment that explains what foo is.

  Of course, you can add other options to configure particular things in your software.

  ### `Config.in` in the package directory

  To add your package to the configuration tool, you need to add the following line to `package/Config.in`, please add it to a section, which fits the purpose of foo:

      comment "Networking"
      source "package/foo/Config.in"

  ### `Makefile` in the package directory

  To add your package to the build process, you need to edit the Makefile in the `package/` directory. Locate the lines that look like the following:

      package-$(BR2_PACKAGE_FOO) += foo

  As you can see, this short line simply adds the target `foo` to the list of targets handled by OpenWrt Buildroot.

  In addition to the default dependencies, you make your package depend on another package (e.g. a library) by adding a line:

      foo-compile: bar-compile

  ### The ipkg control file

  Additionally, you need to create a control file which contains information about your package, readable by the ipkg package utility. It should be created as file: `package/foo/ipkg/foo.control`

  The file looks like this

           1  Package: foo
           2  Priority: optional
           3  Section: net
           4  Maintainer: Foo Software <foo@foosoftware.com>
           5  Source: http://foosoftware.com
           6  Depends: libbar
           7  Description: Package Description

  You can skip the usual `Version:` and `Architecture` fields, as they will be generated by the `make-ipkg-dir.sh` script called from your Makefile. The Depends field is important, so that ipkg will automatically fetch all dependend software on your target system.

  ### The real Makefile

  Finally, here's the hardest part. Create a file named `Makefile`. It will contain the Makefile rules that are in charge of downloading, configuring, compiling and installing the software. Below is an example that we will comment afterwards.

           1  # $Id$
           2
           3  include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
           4
           5  PKG_NAME:=foo
           6  PKG_VERSION:=1.0
           7  PKG_RELEASE:=1
           8  PKG_MD5SUM:=4584f226523776a3cdd2fb6f8212ba8d
           9
          10  PKG_SOURCE_URL:=http://www.foosoftware.org/downloads
          11  PKG_SOURCE:=$(PKG_NAME)-$(PKG_VERSION).tar.gz
          12 	PKG_CAT:=zcat
          13
          14	PKG_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(PKG_NAME)-$(PKG_VERSION)
          15	PKG_INSTALL_DIR:=$(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/ipkg-install
          16
          17	include $(TOPDIR)/package/rules.mk
          18
          19	$(eval $(call PKG_template,FOO,foo,$(PKG_VERSION)-$(PKG_RELEASE),$(ARCH)))
          20
          21  $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/.configured:
          22          (cd $(PKG_BUILD_DIR); \
          23                  $(TARGET_CONFIGURE_OPTS) \
          24                  CFLAGS="$(TARGET_CFLAGS)" \
          25                  ./configure \
          26                  --target=$(GNU_TARGET_NAME) \
          27                  --host=$(GNU_TARGET_NAME) \
          28                  --build=$(GNU_HOST_NAME) \
          29                  --prefix=/usr \
          30                  --sysconfdir=/etc \
          31 			--with-bar="$(STAGING_DIR)/usr" \
          32          );
          33          touch $@
          34
          35  $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/.built:
          36      	rm -rf $(PKG_INSTALL_DIR)
          37		mkdir -p $(PKG_INSTALL_DIR)
          38		$(MAKE) -C $(PKG_BUILD_DIR) \
          39 	          $(TARGET_CONFIGURE_OPTS) \
          40            install_prefix="$(PKG_INSTALL_DIR)" \
          41 	          all install
          42		touch $@
          43
          44  $(IPKG_FOO):
          46		install -d -m0755 $(IDIR_FOO)/usr/sbin
          47    	cp -fpR $(PKG_INSTALL_DIR)/usr/sbin/foo $(IDIR_FOO)/usr/sbin
          49		$(RSTRIP) $(IDIR_FOO)
          50		$(IPKG_BUILD) $(IDIR_FOO) $(PACKAGE_DIR)
          51
          52	mostlyclean:
          53  	make -C $(PKG_BUILD_DIR) clean
          54    	rm $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/.built

  First of all, this Makefile example works for a single binary software. For other software such as libraries or more complex stuff with multiple binaries, it should be adapted. Look at the other `Makefile` files in the `package/` directory.

  At lines 5-15, a couple of useful variables are defined:

  - `PKG_NAME` : The package name, e.g. foo.
  - `PKG_VERSION` : The version of the package that should be downloaded.
  - `PKG_RELEASE` : The release number that will be appended to the version number of your ipkg package.
  - `PKG_MD5SUM` : The md5sum of the software archive.
  - `PKG_SOURCE_URL` : Space separated list of the HTTP or FTP sites from which the archive is downloaded. It must include the complete path to the directory where `FOO_SOURCE` can be found.
  - `PKG_SOURCE` : The name of the tarball of your package on the download website of FTP site. As you can see `PKG_NAME` and `PKG_VERSION` are used.
  - `PKG_CAT` : The tool needed for extraction of the software archive.
  - `PKG_BUILD_DIR` : The directory into which the software will be configured and compiled. Basically, it's a subdirectory of `BUILD_DIR` which is created upon extraction of the tarball.
  - `PKG_INSTALL_DIR` : The directory into the software will be installed. It is a subdirectory of `PKG_BUILD_DIR`.

  In Line 3 and 17 we include common variables and routines to simplify the process of ipkg creation. It includes routines to download, verify and extract the software package archives.

  Line 19 contains the magic line which automatically creates the ipkg for us.

  Lines 21-33 defines a target and associated rules that configures the software. It depends on the previous target (the hidden `.prepared` file) so that we are sure the software has been uncompressed. In order to configure it, it basically runs the well-known `./configure`script. As we may be doing cross-compilation, `target`, `host` and `build` arguments are given. The prefix is also set to `/usr`, not because the software will be installed in `/usr` on your host system, but in the target filesystem. Finally it creates a `.configured` file to mark the software as configured.

  Lines 35-42 defines a target and a rule that compiles the software. This target will create the binary file in the compilation directory, and depends on the software being already configured (hence the reference to the `.configured` file). Afterwards it installs the resulting binary into the `PKG_INSTALL_DIR`. It basically runs `make install` inside the source directory.

  Lines 44-50 defines a target and associated rules that create the ipkg package, which can optionally be embedded into the resulting firmware image. It manually installs all files you want to integrate in your resulting ipkg. `RSTRIP` will recursevily strip all binaries and libraries. Finally `IPKG_BUILD` is called to create the package.

  If you want other targets to be executed at `compile`, `install` or `clean` time (e.g. for installing a library into the staging dir), just create the targets (usually `install-dev` and `uninstall-dev`) and enable them like this:

      compile-targets: install-dev
      clean-targets: uninstall-dev

  ### Conclusion

  As you can see, adding a software to buildroot is simply a matter of writing a Makefile using an already existing example and to modify it according to the compilation process of the software.

  If you package software that might be useful for other persons, don't forget to send a patch to OpenWrt developers! Use the mail address: openwrt-devel@openwrt.org

  ## Resources

  To learn more about OpenWrt, you can visit this website: http://openwrt.org/

# OpenWrt Kernel Module Creation Howto

## About OpenWrt Kernel Module Compilation

You are planning to compile a kernel module? This howto will explain what you have to do, to have your kernel module installable as an ipkg.

## Enable the kernel options

Enable the kernel options you want by modifying build_mipsel/linux/.config. We are assuming, that you already had your kernel compiled once here. You can do the modification by hand or by

    $ cd build_mipsel/linux
    $ make menuconfig

And copy it, so your changes are not getting lost, when doing a 'make dirclean'. Here we assume that you are compiling for Broadcom chipset based devices:

     $ cp .config ../../../target/linux/linux-2.4/config/brcm

## Create a buildroot option

Create a buildroot option by modifying/inserting into target/linux/Config.in, e.g.

    config BR2_PACKAGE_KMOD_USB_KEYBOARD
            tristate "Support for USB keyboards"
            default m
            depends BR2_PACKAGE_KMOD_USB_CONTROLLER

## Define the binary files for the kernel module

Define the binary files for the kernel module by modifying/inserting into target/linux/linux-2.4/Makefile, e.g.

    $(eval $(call KMOD_template,USB_KEYBOARD,usb-kbd,\
    	$(MODULES_DIR)/kernel/drivers/input/input.o \
    	$(MODULES_DIR)/kernel/drivers/input/keybdev.o \
    	$(MODULES_DIR)/kernel/drivers/usb/usbkbd.o \
    ,CONFIG_USB_KEYB,kmod-usb-core,60,input keybdev usbkbd))

Where CONFIG_USB_KEYB is the kernel option, USB_KEYBOARD is the last part of BR2_PACKAGE_KMOD_USB_KEYBOARD and usb-kbd is part of the filename of the created ipkg.

## Specify the ipkg control file

Create e.g. target/linux/control/kmod-usb-kbd.control with content similar to this:

    Package: kmod-usb-kbd
    Priority: optional
    Section: sys
    Maintainer: Markus Becker <mab@comnets.uni-bremen.de>
    Source: buildroot internal
    Description: Kernel Support for USB Keyboards

## Compile the kernel module

Enable the kernel module with

    $ make menuconfig

in TOPDIR and selecting it.
Compile with

    $ make dirclean && make